Get out of my hut, you mice who hug the shadows!
You mice will find no fodder in Leonidas's crock.
The old man's fine with two barley loaves, if there's salt.
My forefathers lived this way, and I heed their example.
So why scrabble in my corners, treat-seeking
where prandial tidbits are never spilled?
Go on to houses that aren't so frugal
where sustenance is yours to scuttle away with
I say to my near one through flowing tears
when the will to go abroad is on me:
Let me make my journey, let me pass unmourned.
The stars that wander are the noble ones.
Travel leads to betterment of outcome.
Sitting still in comfort is the way of ruin.
In darkness I see illumination,
as if day switched place with night,
when lightning from [auspicious] Sana‘a reminds me
my destination isn't far away.
Why should I rejoice at spending nights out in the desert
when high above Ursa Minor is my home?
And how will I be food for worms, with
four elements on every side?
How long will I live next to Draco
with constellated serpents for my friends?
My union with that light will be annihilation,
and my passing out of knowing left from right,
and the walls will echo with a pounding
by rejectors of my secrets with their heads.
By Suhrawardi (meter: wāfir)
On this subject, there is a story about ‘Abd al-Rahman the son of Hassan ibn Thabit. When he was a boy, he ran crying to his father, "I got stung by a flying creature!"
"My son," said Hassan, "tell us how it looked."
"Like it was dressed in mantles of Yemen," he said, for it was a hornet that had stung him.
"By the Lord of the Kaaba," Hassan said, "my son will be a poet!"
As you see, what demonstrated the boy's talent for poetry was his creation of a simile. This is what distinguishes the poet's mind from the non-poet's. Hassan rejoiced at this, just as he rejoiced at his son's poetic spirit when [a schoolteacher rounded up a group of boys for some mischief, and was going to punish ‘Abd Allah along with them, until*] ‘Abd Allah said (meter: basīṭ):
God knows I was [not there, but] in the house of
Hassan, hunting insects on the wing all by myself.
You might say that similes are special effects that substitute for painting and drawing, but that's not what provoked Hassan's response. What pleased him was that ‘Abd Allah said the bug was as if "dressed" (multaff). If he had called it "a flying creature with stripes like a Yemeni mantle," the expression would be less effective, for it gives away the point of likeness. The combination [of hornet and mantle is by itself sufficient to imply the stripes, and this] was the sign of young ‘Abd Allah’s genius.
Now even though "dressed" was what provoked Hassan's admiration, it is still a case of simile, and an exemplary one at that, insofar as the hornet's likeness is captured by its "wearing" of the mantle's stripes and colors.
From The Secrets of Eloquence by ‘Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani
*Context supplied in al-Kāmil by al-Mubarrad
Al-Asma‘i said: I was staying with a man of the Banu Kilab who had celebrated his marriage at Basra, and was raising his family at Dariyya. We were at Dariyya's market when we were approached by an old woman of dignified dress and unfaded beauty, mounted on a camel. She bade the camel kneel, and tied it up and came toward us, supporting herself on a shepherd's crook. She sat by us, and said, "Is any poetry being recited?"
I said to my Kilabi friend, "Have you got anything?" "No," he said. So I recited for her these verses by Bishr ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Ansari (meter: kāmil):
The days have a shortener. Who spends them with her
craves more, even at the cost of other friendships.
The likes of her choke a man with longing
for her demure air, and her antelope's eye—
the eye of a doe of the lowlands, sallow of hide
as if jaundiced by the deer's shyness.
At this, the old woman rose to her knees, and began tracing lines on the ground with her crook as she recited [these verses by Ibn al-Dumayna]: (meter: ṭawīl):
Dear Umayma of my heart, do as you will.
But let me voice my passion and my greeting
[to this spot].
When you tell me, "Walk through fire," I know it's
your caprice. But could it bring us closer, all the same?
Capricious as you are, I take it as a gift,
and put my foot in fire and tread it.
On the sandhill where moringa grows, ask the tallest tree
if I hailed the ruins of your abode,
and if I choose to haunt the ruins
at nightfall like a heartsick person.
May you be happy at the way my cheek shines,
and how I clutch myself at losing you.
Al-Asma‘i said: By God, the world around me went dim from the eloquence and sweetness of her delivery and dialect. I went up to her and said, "My God! Your recitation surpasses mine." And I saw a gleam of laughter in her eye, as she went on to recite (meter: ṭawīl):
Many a guarded maid casts off reserve when I come calling,
dragging a train of infatuation behind.
They let love mount, and when it's theirs,
rip it away and swell our battles.
Their talk is civil, low and yielding,
winning them soft hearts for free.
They foil the plans of the softhearted fool.
Their jest and earnestness maze the astute.
My blamers, meanwhile, blame the love
that tells me to ignore dissuaders.
[The Tribulations of Impassioned Lovers by al-Sarraj adds this postscript:
"Brava!" I said, "by Him Who created you!" "You really mean it?" she asked. "Yes," I said. "Then I share the praise with you as an equal," she said, and decamped. And by God, I have heard no poetry recital more exquisite than the one she gave.]
The meaning of "shortener of days" in the Ansari's verse is that his joy in the woman's presence is complete. So sweet are her beauty and her conversation that any day spent with her is short, for brevity is an attribute of joyful days.
From the Dictations of Abu 'l-Qasim ‘Ali al-Murtada
ed. Rachel Frost. Linoleum block print, 7" x 7"
Abu 'l-Fath Kushajim elegized a penknife that was stolen from him, saying (meter: basīṭ):
God's war be on the bureau scribes
who think that others' knives are theirs for lifting!
I am the victim of an elegant deceit.
Its edge was like a sword's, honed finely.
Vacant is the resting-place where it had spent an age
beside the inkwell of a man distracted by writing,
now weeping for the blade that Time made away with,
the torturer of pen-nibs raided from me.
It hewed my pens and made them special.
The cuts that vexed them pleasured me,
as I brought laughter to my pages, cloaking them
with flowers, whole beds of them becoming to the eye.
And it was good for spot removal. It scaled away each fleck
and left my pages like the cheeks of calf-eyed maidens.
It had an onyx handle fastened to the blade
by metal pins of gorgeous make and fashion.
Pins of gold and silver, elegant and fine—
a deity, praise to Him, told them to "Be!"
But my cutter turned malicious, taking joy
in infamy, overmastery, and derision.
I kept it close—so close, it impersonated
my aloofness and my lofty rank.
There is no substitute. Long as I live,
I'll never be consoled and never forget.
I'd give up this whole world, and my faith in the world to come,
as ransom for the knife they stole from me.
From The Flowers of Belles-lettres and Fruits of Intellect of Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Husri al-Qayrawani
Jarir said: I paid a call on one of the Umayyad caliphs, who asked me, "Can we talk about the poets?" "Of course," I said.
"Who was the greatest poet?" he asked. "Ibn ‘Ishrin (The Child of Twenty)," I said, meaning Tarafa [who lost his life at that age].
"What do you have to say about [Zuhayr] ibn Abi Sulma and al-Nabigha [al-Dhubyani]?" he asked. I said, "Their poetry was woven at a loom."
"And Imru’ al-Qays ibn Hujr?" he asked. I said, "That villain took poetry for a pair of sandals, to trample as he pleased."
"And Dhu 'l-Rumma?" he asked. I said, "He can do with poetry what no one else can do."
"And al-Akhtal?" he asked. I said, "Up to his death, the [full measure of the] poetry within him went unrevealed."
"And al-Farazdaq?" he asked. I said: "He grips poetry in his hand like a [bow of] grewia."
"You've left nothing for yourself!" the caliph said. "By God," I said, "of course I have, O Commander of the Faithful! I am the city of poetry, from which it sallies forth and in which takes refuge. Truly, I glorify poetry in a way that no one before me has."
"And what way is that?" the caliph asked. I said, "My love-lyrics are innovative, my invective verse is ruinous, and my panegyric is uplifting. In ramal I'm abundant, in rajaz I'm the sea, and I compose in modes of poetry unknown to anyone before me."
From the Dictations of Abu ‘Ali al-Qali
I was with Ishaq b. Ibrahim al-Mawsili when a man came up and said, "O Abu Muhammad! [That is, Ishaq.] Give us the Book of Songs."
"Which one?" said Ishaq. "The book I wrote, or the one that was written in my name?"—meaning by the former, his book of reports on individual singers, and by the latter, the Big Book of Songs that's out there.
Hammad b. Ishaq said: "My father never wrote that book," (meaning The Big Book of Songs) "nor claimed credit for it. Most of the lyrics in it are falsely inserted into reports of singers who never sang them. To this day, most them have never been performed. Comparison to the songbooks my father actually wrote shows how worthless that book is. It was cobbled together after his death by one of his copyists, except for the opening chapter on the permissibility [of music], which my father did write, although the reports in it are my narrations [from my father]."
"The copyist was one Sindi b. ‘Ali, who had a shop along the Archway of Rubbish and used to copy books for Ishaq.* For the book that he foisted on him, he worked with a collaborator."
This is the book that used to be known by the title al-Surāh (The Night-Travelers). Its first chapter is on permissibility [of music], and is the work of Ishaq without a doubt.
From the Fihrist of (Ibn) al-Nadim
The courtiers surrounding ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan were not particularly erudite. One day, he asked them, "What is the best kind of handkerchief?"
"The handkerchiefs of Egypt," said one of them "They're like the membrane of an eggshell."
"The handkerchiefs of Yemen," said another. "They're as [colorful as] the flowers of spring."
"That's all you've come up with?" said ‘Abd al-Malik. "That's nothing. The best of handkerchiefs was described by a man of the Banu Tamim," meaning ‘Abda ibn al-Tabib (meter: basīṭ):
When we halted and rigged up a screen from the sun,
pots of meat for the party were put on to boil.
The cook's time was short. Some of the cuts
were eaten pink, and some were just turning pale.
We remounted then our branded horses. Their close-cropped
manes were kerchiefs for [wiping] our hands.
From al-Kamil of al-Mubarrad (cf. Imru’ al-Qays)
"What you accuse me of is not a wrong,"
I told her, "unlike the miser's way, which is collective harm.
Let's go before two judges, one from my group and one
from yours, impartial men and not unjust ones."
"I want one judge," she said, "from my group only,
lest slanderers hear our case, and embroider on it."
We went before the judge in his curtained chamber,
a worldly man whose eyelids sagged,
and said, "Whatever your decision, we will accept it.
We trust you with adjudication of our case,
which will be binding, so judge between us
as your temper and opinion dictate."
"I am slain,” I told the judge, “with no recrimination.
And wrongs unpunished will proliferate!
Ask her when she’ll make good all that she owes me.
Is grievance ever righted when it's unredressed?"
"The plaintiff is a liar," she said, "and a useless person
whose accusations go on long.
Am I his slayer? Then where’s my weapon?
If I attack him, what fighting strength have I?
Nor have I despoiled his capital. The court will find
the alleged debt is owed to me."
Our ruling was up to the sentencer,
whose legal views were soundly based.
"Bring forth your witnesses," he said.
I said, "God is our witness, the Exalted King."
"The defendant's oath, and I will reach my verdict,"
ordered the judge, whose every verdict was just and fair.
She gave her oath, and said the charge against her
carried lest weight than a date pit's husk.
[When it was over,] I could not help asking,
"Our case was settled in my favor, was it not?"
Buthaynah knit her brows and said, "[You think]
you’ve prevailed? You, who prevail in nothing you do?
And don’t let them find you with me, lest I be
bereft of you. A bereaved woman is no one to mess with!"
From the Dictations of Abu ‘Ali al-Qali
In this book (e.g.), I have repeated what others have presented, and cited their sources. I will now tell of madmen observed by me on my travels, for due to my passion for the subject, I have often repaired to madhouses and studied people in various states of madness.
At Merv I entered a madhouse that was located in a graveyard. I heard the clamor of raised voices, then beheld an old man who was tied up next to a young man in chains. They were arguing over ice and frost, and which was better than the other. On spotting me, they said, "Here comes one to moderate between us!"
The old man said, "I speak on behalf of frost, which is superior to ice, because frost is God's doing and not His worshipers'. But [human] beings created by God are capable of creating ice."
The young man said, "Frost has a harmful dryness to it that is lacking in ice. Ice is what occurs [in water] when it turns into ice."
"You're both right," I said, for as I pondered each one, the madness of the opposing statement would catch my ear.
From Madmen Who Were Intelligent by Abu 'l-Qasim al-Nisaburi
